Each of Georgia’s congressional districts elects one member of the U.S. House of Representatives.  The Fifth Congressional District, which, at the time, included Fulton, DeKalb, and Rockdale Counties, had a population two to three times greater than other Georgia congressional districts.  Fifth District voters complained that the disproportionate size of their district diluted the value of their votes.  The U.S. Supreme Court agreed, holding that, to the extent practicable, congressional districts must have roughly equal populations.